Arcadia Bees

Sources

Every pollen and nectar rating, bloom date and vegetation mix in the Bee Forage Check comes from one of these sources, or is marked in the model as our own estimate. 306 sources. Back to the forage check.

Data and method

Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium. National Land Cover Database Class Legend and Description. https://www.mrlc.gov/data/legends/national-land-cover-database-class-legend-and-description (US government work)
Visscher, P.K. & Seeley, T.D. 1982. Foraging strategy of honeybee colonies in a temperate deciduous forest. Ecology 63(6):1790–1801. doi:10.2307/1940121 https://doi.org/10.2307/1940121
Steffan-Dewenter, I. & Kuhn, A. 2003. Honeybee foraging in differentially structured landscapes. Proc. R. Soc. B 270:569–575. doi:10.1098/rspb.2002.2292 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2292
Couvillon, M.J., Schürch, R. & Ratnieks, F.L.W. 2014. Waggle dance distances as integrative indicators of seasonal foraging challenges. PLoS ONE 9(4):e93495. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0093495 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0093495
USA National Phenology Network. Extended Spring Indices, First Bloom, 30-year average 1991–2020 (4 km). doi:10.5066/F7SN0723. Model: Schwartz, M.D., Ault, T.R. & Betancourt, J.L. 2013, Int. J. Climatol. 33:2917–2922, doi:10.1002/joc.3625 https://www.usanpn.org/data/maps/spring (CC BY 4.0 — 'Data were provided by the USA National Phenology Network.')
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), 20260227, Cropland Data Layer. USDA NASS Marketing and Information Services Office, Washington, D.C. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Research_and_Science/Cropland/SARS1a.php (Public domain)
Dewitz, J., 2026, LANDFIRE 2024 Existing Vegetation Type (EVT) CONUS: U.S. Geological Survey EROS. doi:10.5066/P1XVKXRL https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/CONUS_LF2024/LF2024_EVT_CONUS.zip (Public domain (use constraints: none))

Crop ratings

United States Department of Agriculture. 2017. Attractiveness of Agricultural Crops to Pollinating Bees for the Collection of Nectar and/or Pollen. https://usda.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/documents/Attractiveness-of-Agriculture-Crops-to-Pollinating-Bees-Report-FINAL-Web-Version-Jan-3-2018.pdf (US government work)

Crop bloom dates

Olsson, R.L., K. Sowers, and D.W. Crowder. 2021. Pollinators in Canola in the Inland Pacific Northwest. PNW751. Pacific Northwest Extension (Washington State University). https://wpcdn.web.wsu.edu/wp-ecommerce/uploads/sites/2/woocommerce_uploads/PNW751-bymw9x.pdf
University of Idaho. 2022 PNW Winter Canola Trial Results (seed yield, 50% flower date at Moscow and Genesee, ID). University of Idaho Brassica Breeding and Research. https://content-hub.uidaho.edu/api/public/content/3f82507838f440f0a7b390b299d57c53
University of Idaho. 2024-2025 PNW Winter Canola Variety Trial Summary (flower date, days after January 1 to 50% flower, Moscow, ID). University of Idaho Brassica Breeding and Research. https://content-hub.uidaho.edu/api/public/content/6245d607c1374baf8895c5ad8cfbbf7e
Sowers, K., D. Roe, and W. Pan. 2012. Oilseed Production Case Studies in the Eastern Washington Low-to-Intermediate Rainfall Zone. EM048E. Washington State University Extension. https://wpcdn.web.wsu.edu/wp-ecommerce/uploads/sites/2/product-3928-sku-EM048E.pdf
Montana State University Agricultural Research Centers. 2011. Camelina Performance Evaluations near Moccasin, Sidney, Havre, Kalispell, Huntley and Conrad, MT, and Williston, ND (2011 Statewide Camelina Report). Table 10: Northwestern Agricultural Research Center, Kalispell. https://agresearch.montana.edu/narc/Programs_and_projects/varietytesting/varietytestingreports/reports/2011/2011%20Statewide%20Camelina%20Report.pdf
North Dakota State University, North Central Research Extension Center (Minot). 2009. Camelina Variety Trial (spring). https://www.ag.ndsu.edu/varietytrialS/north-central-rec/2009-trial-results/2009_Camelina_VT.pdf
Washington State University Extension. 2012. Camelina Production in the Dryland Pacific Northwest. FS073E. https://wpcdn.web.wsu.edu/wp-ecommerce/uploads/sites/2/product-3401-sku-FS073E.pdf
Walsh, D. 2025. Integrated pest and pollinator management on alfalfa grown for seed in the Pacific Northwest, U.S.A. Presentation, World Alfalfa Congress, Plenary Session 2, 3-6 November 2025 (Washington State University). https://alfalfasymposium.ucdavis.edu/+symposium/proceedings/2025/BS2/2_Walsh.pdf
Pellett, F.C. 1920. American Honey Plants, Together With Those Which Are of Special Value to the Beekeeper as Sources of Pollen. American Bee Journal, Hamilton, Illinois. https://archive.org/details/americanhoneypla00pell (Public domain (published 1920))
Crop Profile for Lentils in Washington. Prepared August 2000. USDA NIFA Crop Profile/PMSP database (National IPM Database). https://ipmdata.ipmcenters.org/documents/cropprofiles/WAlentils.pdf
CAHNRS Communications. 2000 (June 27). Winter lentils on the horizon. Washington State University CAHNRS News, Pullman, WA. https://news.cahnrs.wsu.edu/article/winter-lentils-on-the-horizon/
USA Dry Pea & Lentil Council (USA Pulses). Pulse Production Manual, Chapter 3: Production. https://usapulses.org/manual/chapter-3-production/
USA Dry Pea & Lentil Council (USA Pulses). Pulse Production Manual, Chapter 2: Dry Peas. https://usapulses.org/manual/chapter-2-dry-peas/
Washington State University Extension. 2019 (July 26). Monitoring Pea Weevil (Bruchus pisorum) in Pulse Crop(s): Results. Pea Weevil Insect Sampling Report (Highline Grain Growers project), Waterville and Ritzville/Lind areas, WA. https://wpcdn.web.wsu.edu/cahnrs/uploads/sites/16/2019-Highline-Grain-Bruchis-pisorum-Insect-Sampling-Report-Copy.pdf
Auld, D.L., R.H. Callihan, G.A. Murray, L.E. O'Keefe, and B.L. Bettis. 1984. Garbanzo Beans: A Potential New Pulse Crop for Idaho. Bulletin No. 615. University of Idaho Agricultural Experiment Station. https://objects.lib.uidaho.edu/uiext/uiext22142.pdf
Crop Profile for Mint in Idaho. Prepared July 2000. USDA NIFA Crop Profile/PMSP database (National IPM Database). https://ipmdata.ipmcenters.org/documents/cropprofiles/IDmint.pdf
Murray, K., D. Walenta, P. Jepson, and I. Sandlin. 2020. Integrated Pest Management Strategic Plan for Oregon, Washington and Idaho Mint Crops. EM 9299. Oregon State University Extension Service. https://extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/default/files/documents/em9299.pdf
Crop Profile for Hops in Washington. Revised August 2001. USDA NIFA Crop Profile/PMSP database (National IPM Database). https://ipmdata.ipmcenters.org/documents/cropprofiles/WAhops.pdf
WSU Tree Fruit. Full Bloom Dates for Red Delicious Apples (WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee; historical full bloom record). Washington State University. Live page no longer available; Wayback Machine snapshot of 21 Jan 2026. https://web.archive.org/web/20260121123859/https://treefruit.wsu.edu/article/full-bloom-dates-for-red-delicious-apples/
WSU Extension Chelan-Douglas County. Apple Blossom Model: 2014 Apple Blossom Development (Red Delicious sentinel site at WSU TFREC, Wenatchee). Live page returns 403; Wayback Machine snapshot of 23 Jun 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210623121143/https://extension.wsu.edu/chelan-douglas/agriculture/treefruit/models/appleblossommodel/
WSU Extension Chelan-Douglas County. Full Bloom Dates for Red Delicious Apples (Wenatchee record from 1922; bloom sequence of tree fruits). Live page returns 403; Wayback Machine snapshot of 23 Jun 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210623122716/https://extension.wsu.edu/chelan-douglas/agriculture/treefruit/horticulture/bloomdatesrdapples/
Wysocki, D., and M.K. Corp. 2002. Dryland Cropping Systems: Edible Mustard. EM 8796. Oregon State University Extension Service. https://extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/extd8/files/documents/em8796.pdf
Armah-Agyeman, G., J. Loiland, R. Karow, and M. Bohle. 2002. Dryland Cropping Systems: Dryland Alfalfa. EM 8795. Oregon State University Extension Service. https://extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/extd8/files/documents/em8795.pdf
Armah-Agyeman, G., J. Loiland, R. Karow, and A.N. Hang. 2002. Dryland Cropping Systems: Safflower. EM 8792. Oregon State University Extension Service. https://extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/extd8/files/documents/em8792.pdf
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Pacific Regional Office. 2024 (July 10). 2024 California Almond Objective Measurement Report. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/California/Publications/Specialty_and_Other_Releases/Almond/Objective-Measurement/2024almondOM.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Pacific Regional Office. 2023 (July 12). 2023 California Almond Objective Measurement Report. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/California/Publications/Specialty_and_Other_Releases/Almond/Objective-Measurement/2023almondOM.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Pacific Regional Office. 2016. 2016 California Almond Objective Measurement Report. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/California/Publications/Specialty_and_Other_Releases/Almond/Objective-Measurement/201606almom.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Pacific Regional Office. 2014. 2014 California Almond Objective Measurement Report. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/California/Publications/Specialty_and_Other_Releases/Almond/Objective-Measurement/201406almom.pdf (US government work)
Bammer, M.C., W.H. Kern, and J.D. Ellis. 2018 (reviewed 02/2025). Florida Honey Bee Plants. ENY-171 (IN1223). UF/IFAS Extension. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/IN1223
UF/IFAS Extension Highlands County. 2022 (Jan 28; updated Mar 14, 2022). The bees are coming. UF/IFAS Blogs. https://blogs.ifas.ufl.edu/highlandsco/2022/01/28/the-bees-are-coming/
UF/IFAS Citrus Research and Education Center. 2025 (Jan 31). Flowering Bud Induction Advisory #4 (2024-2025 season). https://citrusresearch.ifas.ufl.edu/flower-bud-induction/2024-2025/january-31-2025/
Mississippi State University Extension Service. 2015 (Aug 14). Cotton maturing slowly because of wet, cold start. MSU Extension Crop Report. Live page returns 404; Wayback Machine snapshot of 19 Jul 2025. https://web.archive.org/web/20250719013345/https://extension.msstate.edu/news/crop-report/2015/cotton-maturing-slowly-because-wet-cold-start
Dodds, D. 2018 (Aug 4). Last Effective Bloom Date in Cotton. Mississippi Crop Situation (MSU Extension blog). https://www.mississippi-crops.com/2018/08/04/last-effective-bloom-date-in-cotton-3/
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Upper Midwest Regional Field Office. June 23, 2025. Iowa Crop Progress & Condition (week ending June 22, 2025), with 5-year averages. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Iowa/Publications/Crop_Progress_&_Condition/2025/IA-Crop-Progress-06-23-25.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Upper Midwest Regional Field Office. July 14, 2025. Iowa Crop Progress & Condition (week ending July 13, 2025), with 5-year averages. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Iowa/Publications/Crop_Progress_&_Condition/2025/IA-Crop-Progress-07-14-25.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Upper Midwest Regional Field Office. August 18, 2025. Iowa Crop Progress & Condition (week ending August 17, 2025), with 5-year averages. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Iowa/Publications/Crop_Progress_&_Condition/2025/IA-Crop-Progress-08-18-25.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northern Plains Regional Field Office (Fargo). June 24, 2024. North Dakota Crop Progress and Condition (week ending June 23, 2024), with 5-year averages. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/North_Dakota/Publications/Crop_Progress_&_Condition/2024/ND-weekly0624.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northern Plains Regional Field Office (Fargo). July 1, 2024. North Dakota Crop Progress and Condition (week ending June 30, 2024), with 5-year averages. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/North_Dakota/Publications/Crop_Progress_&_Condition/2024/ND-weekly0701.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northern Plains Regional Field Office (Fargo). July 15, 2024. North Dakota Crop Progress and Condition (week ending July 14, 2024), with 5-year averages. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/North_Dakota/Publications/Crop_Progress_&_Condition/2024/ND-weekly0715.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northern Plains Regional Field Office (Fargo). July 22, 2024. North Dakota Crop Progress and Condition (week ending July 21, 2024), with 5-year averages. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/North_Dakota/Publications/Crop_Progress_&_Condition/2024/ND-weekly0722.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northern Plains Regional Field Office (Fargo). July 29, 2024. North Dakota Crop Progress and Condition (week ending July 28, 2024), with 5-year averages. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/North_Dakota/Publications/Crop_Progress_&_Condition/2024/ND-weekly0729.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northern Plains Regional Field Office (Fargo). August 5, 2024. North Dakota Crop Progress and Condition (week ending August 4, 2024), with 5-year averages. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/North_Dakota/Publications/Crop_Progress_&_Condition/2024/ND-weekly0805.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northern Plains Regional Field Office (Fargo). August 12, 2024. North Dakota Crop Progress and Condition (week ending August 11, 2024), with 5-year averages. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/North_Dakota/Publications/Crop_Progress_&_Condition/2024/ND-weekly0812.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northern Plains Regional Field Office (Fargo). August 19, 2024. North Dakota Crop Progress and Condition (week ending August 18, 2024), with 5-year averages. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/North_Dakota/Publications/Crop_Progress_&_Condition/2024/ND-weekly0819.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northern Plains Regional Field Office (Fargo). September 3, 2024. North Dakota Crop Progress and Condition (week ending September 1, 2024), with 5-year averages. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/North_Dakota/Publications/Crop_Progress_&_Condition/2024/ND-weekly0903.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service, Northern Plains Regional Field Office (Fargo). September 9, 2024. North Dakota Crop Progress and Condition (week ending September 8, 2024), with 5-year averages. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/North_Dakota/Publications/Crop_Progress_&_Condition/2024/ND-weekly0909.pdf (US government work)
Washington State University, Washington Oilseed Cropping Systems. Alternative Oilseeds: Sunflowers (web page). https://oilseeds.css.wsu.edu/alternative-oilseeds/sunflowers/
Jentsch, P. (Cornell University, Hudson Valley Research Laboratory). Historical Tree Phenology & Hudson Valley Fruit Production, with chart 'McIntosh Phenology' 1980-2020 (Highland, NY). Cornell blog; chart image https://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/files/2021/04/20-McIntosh-Phenology.jpg https://blogs.cornell.edu/jentsch/tree-phenology-dates-and-degree-day-events/
Reinke, M., B. Shane, and C. Sloan. 2024 (Apr 23). Southwest Michigan fruit update – April 23, 2024. Michigan State University Extension. (MSU site blocks automated access; Wayback Machine snapshot of 16 Mar 2026.) https://web.archive.org/web/20260316205540/https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/southwest-michigan-fruit-update-april-23-2024
Reinke, M., B. Shane, and C. Sloan. 2024 (May 14). Southwest Michigan fruit update – May 14, 2024. Michigan State University Extension. (Wayback Machine snapshot of 14 Dec 2025.) https://web.archive.org/web/20251214042253/https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/southwest-michigan-fruit-update-may-14-2024
Reinke, M., B. Shane, and C. Sloan. 2024 (May 21). Southwest Michigan fruit update – May 21, 2024. Michigan State University Extension. (Wayback Machine snapshot of 5 Mar 2026.) https://web.archive.org/web/20260305171544/https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/southwest-michigan-fruit-update-may-21-2024
Reinke, M., and C. Sloan. 2025 (May 28). Southwest Michigan fruit update – May 27, 2025. Michigan State University Extension. (Wayback Machine snapshot of 18 May 2026.) https://web.archive.org/web/20260518005233/https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/southwest-michigan-fruit-update-may-27-2025
Roper, T.R. (University of Wisconsin-Madison). ca. 2008. Cranberry Production in Wisconsin. Wisconsin State Cranberry Growers Association (copy hosted by Washington State University). https://wpcdn.web.wsu.edu/wp-wsucahnrs/uploads/sites/2166/2025/12/Cranberry-Production-in-Wisconsin-1.pdf
Guédot, C., and J. van Zoeren. 2018. Protecting Pollinators & Improving Pollination on Wisconsin Cranberry Marshes. A4155. University of Wisconsin-Extension. https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0145/8808/4272/files/A4155.pdf
UW-Eau Claire CERCA 2026, Poster 020: Characterizing buzz pollination provided to cranberry flowers by visiting bees in central Wisconsin cranberry marshes (abstract, 29 Apr 2026). https://uweccerca2026.sched.com/event/2L2Wh/poster-020-characterizing-buzz-pollination-provided-to-cranberry-flowers-by-visiting-bees-in-central-wisconsin-cranberry-marshes
Undersander, D., D. Cosgrove, E. Cullen, C. Grau, M.E. Rice, M. Renz, C. Sheaffer, G. Shewmaker, and M. Sulc. 2011. Alfalfa Management Guide. American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI. https://www.agronomy.org/files/publications/alfalfa-management-guide.pdf
Nielsen, R.L. (Bob). Tassel Emergence & Pollen Shed. Corny News Network, Purdue University Agronomy Extension (updated June 2025). https://www.agry.purdue.edu/ext/corn/news/timeless/Tassels.html
Ayers, G.S., and J.R. Harman. 1992. Bee Forage of North America and the Potential for Planting for Bees. Ch. 11 in J.M. Graham (ed.), The Hive and the Honey Bee. Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, IL. Regional list 'Region 4 (Interior Northwest), State of WA' as rendered by NASA HoneyBeeNet (begin/end bloom month; 'Sig' = very important nectar source). Checked against the NASA rendering, not the printed book. https://honeybeenet.gsfc.nasa.gov/Honeybees/ForageRegion.php?StReg=WA_4
Ayers & Harman (1992), as above. Regional list 'Region 2 (Western Mountains), State of ID' as rendered by NASA HoneyBeeNet. Checked against the NASA rendering, not the printed book. https://honeybeenet.gsfc.nasa.gov/Honeybees/ForageRegion.php?StReg=ID_2
Ayers & Harman (1992), as above. Regional list 'Region 4 (Interior Northwest), State of OR' as rendered by NASA HoneyBeeNet. Checked against the NASA rendering, not the printed book. https://honeybeenet.gsfc.nasa.gov/Honeybees/ForageRegion.php?StReg=OR_4
Ayers & Harman (1992), as above. Regional list 'Region 2 (Western Mountains), State of OR' as rendered by NASA HoneyBeeNet. Checked against the NASA rendering, not the printed book. https://honeybeenet.gsfc.nasa.gov/Honeybees/ForageRegion.php?StReg=OR_2
NASA Goddard HoneyBeeNet. Bee Forage Info: the fourteen regions of the Ayers and Harman honey bee forage map (Region 2 Western Mountains; Region 4 Interior Northwest). https://honeybeenet.gsfc.nasa.gov/Honeybees/Forage.htm
Salazar, M. (PI) and M. Keller (co-PI), Washington State University. 2020. Influence of climate variability on grapevine phenology. Washington State Grape and Wine Research Program progress report (due June 30, 2020). Table 1-2: phenology at Roza (WSU IAREC, Prosser), 2016-2019. https://www.washingtonwine.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/SalazarClimateVariability_06.20.pdf
Ayers & Harman (1992), as above. Regional list 'Region 10 (Agricultural Interior), State of IA' as rendered by NASA HoneyBeeNet. Checked against the NASA rendering, not the printed book. https://honeybeenet.gsfc.nasa.gov/Honeybees/ForageRegion.php?StReg=IA_10
Ayers & Harman (1992), as above. Regional list 'Region 10 (Agricultural Interior), State of MN' as rendered by NASA HoneyBeeNet. Checked against the NASA rendering, not the printed book. https://honeybeenet.gsfc.nasa.gov/Honeybees/ForageRegion.php?StReg=MN_10

Wild and planted plants

Lovell, J. H. 1926. Honey Plants of North America (North of Mexico). A. I. Root Company, Medina, Ohio. 408 p. (Idaho pp. 368-370; Washington pp. 380-384.) https://digital.zbmed.de/apidologie/3393898 (Public domain (US, published 1926); scan by ZB MED)
Schmidt, W. C.; Lotan, J. E. 1980. Phenology of common forest flora of the northern Rockies--1928 to 1937. Res. Pap. INT-259. Ogden, UT: USDA Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station. 20 p. https://www.fs.usda.gov/rm/pubs_int/int_rp259.pdf (US government work)
NASA Goddard HoneyBeeNet. List of Honey Bee Forage Species within Region 4 (Interior Northwest) for the State of WA, ordered by begin bloom month. Derived from Ayers, G. S. and Harman, J. R. 1992. Bee forage of North America and the potential for planting for bees. Ch. 11 in J. M. Graham, ed., The Hive and the Honey Bee. Dadant & Sons, Hamilton, IL. Page last updated 2024-02-01. https://honeybeenet.gsfc.nasa.gov/Honeybees/ForageRegion.php?StReg=WA_4 (NASA web page (US government); underlying content from Ayers & Harman 1992 (copyrighted book))
NASA Goddard HoneyBeeNet. List of Honey Bee Forage Species within Region 2 (Western Mountains) for the State of ID. Derived from Ayers & Harman 1992 (see hbnet_wa4). Page last updated 2024-02-01. https://honeybeenet.gsfc.nasa.gov/Honeybees/ForageRegion.php?StReg=ID_2 (NASA web page (US government); underlying content from Ayers & Harman 1992)
NASA Goddard HoneyBeeNet. Bee Forage Info: the fourteen regions of the Ayers and Harman honey bee forage map (Region 2 Western Mountains; Region 4 Interior Northwest). https://honeybeenet.gsfc.nasa.gov/Honeybees/Forage.htm (NASA web page (US government))
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Salix scouleriana, Scouler's willow. Page authors D. Knoke, D. Giblin. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Salix%20scouleriana
Anderson, M. D. 2001. Salix scouleriana. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/salsco/all.html (US government work)
Anderson, M. 2006. Salix exigua. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/salexi/all.html (US government work)
Ogle, D.; Pavek, P.; Fleenor, R.; Stannard, M.; Dring, T.; Cane, J.; Fink, F.; St. John, L.; Tilley, D. 2011 (revised January 2011). Plants for Pollinators in the Inland Northwest. Biology Technical Note No. 24. USDA NRCS, Spokane, WA and Boise, ID. 66 p. https://www.xerces.org/sites/default/files/publications/13-004.pdf (US government work (copy hosted by the Xerces Society))
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Acer platanoides, Norway maple. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Acer%20platanoides
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Alnus incana, mountain/thinleaf alder. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Alnus%20incana
Anderson, M. D. 2001. Acer glabrum. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/acegla/all.html (US government work)
Fryer, J. L. 2011. Acer macrophyllum, bigleaf maple. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/acemac/all.html (US government work)
Munger, G. T. 2003. Acer platanoides. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/acepla/all.html (US government work)
Ulev, E. D. 2006. Mahonia repens. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/mahrep/all.html (US government work)
Esser, L. L. 1993. Taraxacum officinale. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/taroff/all.html (US government work)
Howard, J. L. 1996. Populus tremuloides. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/poptre/all.html (US government work)
Steinberg, P. D. 2001. Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/popbalt/all.html (US government work)
Fryer, J. L. 2011. Alnus incana. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/alninc/all.html (US government work)
Marshall, K. A. 1995. Ribes cereum. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/ribcer/all.html (US government work)
Fryer, J. L. 1997. Amelanchier alnifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/amealn/all.html (US government work)
Esser, L. L. 1995. Prunus emarginata. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/pruema/all.html (US government work)
Zlatnik, E. 1999. Purshia tridentata. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/purtri/all.html (US government work)
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Purshia tridentata, antelope bitterbrush. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Purshia%20tridentata
USDA NRCS. Plant Fact Sheet: Antelope bitterbrush, Purshia tridentata. USDA PLANTS Document Library. https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/factsheet/pdf/fs_putr2.pdf (US government work)
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Mahonia aquifolium, tall Oregon grape. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Mahonia%20aquifolium
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Taraxacum officinale, common dandelion. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Taraxacum%20officinale
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Populus tremuloides, quaking aspen. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Populus%20tremuloides
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Populus trichocarpa, black cottonwood. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Populus%20trichocarpa
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Alnus viridis, Sitka alder. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Alnus%20viridis
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Ribes lacustre, prickly currant. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Ribes%20lacustre
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Prunus emarginata, bitter cherry. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Prunus%20emarginata
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Rosa woodsii, Woods' rose. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Rosa%20woodsii
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Symphoricarpos albus, common snowberry. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Symphoricarpos%20albus
McWilliams, J. 2000. Symphoricarpos albus. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/symalb/all.html (US government work)
Habeck, R. J. 1992. Physocarpus malvaceus. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/phymal/all.html (US government work)
Johnson, K. A. 2000. Ceanothus sanguineus. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/ceasan/all.html (US government work)
Anderson, M. D. 2001. Ceanothus velutinus. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/ceavel/all.html (US government work)
Habeck, R. J. 1991. Spiraea betulifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/spibet/all.html (US government work)
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Spiraea betulifolia, birchleaf spiraea. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Spiraea%20betulifolia
Carey, J. H. 1995. Philadelphus lewisii. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/philew/all.html (US government work)
Simonin, K. A. 2000. Vaccinium membranaceum. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/vacmem/all.html (US government work)
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Vaccinium membranaceum, thinleaf huckleberry. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Vaccinium%20membranaceum
Gucker, C. 2012. Rubus parviflorus. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/rubpar/all.html (US government work)
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Rubus bifrons (the page's gallery is titled Rubus armeniacus), Himalayan blackberry. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Rubus%20bifrons
NASA Goddard HoneyBeeNet. List of Honey Bee Forage Species within Region 2 (Western Mountains) for the State of WA. Derived from Ayers & Harman 1992 (see hbnet_wa4). https://honeybeenet.gsfc.nasa.gov/Honeybees/ForageRegion.php?StReg=WA_2 (NASA web page (US government); underlying content from Ayers & Harman 1992)
Stone, K. R. 2009. Robinia pseudoacacia. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/robpse/all.html (US government work)
Sullivan, J. 1994. Tilia americana. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/tilame/all.html (US government work)
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Tilia cordata, littleleaf linden. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Tilia%20cordata
Zouhar, K. 2005. Elaeagnus angustifolia. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/tree/elaang/all.html (US government work)
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Elaeagnus angustifolia, Russian olive. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Elaeagnus%20angustifolia
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Robinia pseudoacacia, black locust. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Robinia%20pseudoacacia
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Lupinus sericeus, silky lupine. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Lupinus%20sericeus
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Trifolium repens, white clover. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Trifolium%20repens
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Trifolium pratense, red clover. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Trifolium%20pratense
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Trifolium hybridum, alsike clover. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Trifolium%20hybridum
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Melilotus albus, white sweetclover. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Melilotus%20albus
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Melilotus officinalis, yellow sweetclover. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Melilotus%20officinalis
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Vicia villosa, hairy vetch. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Vicia%20villosa
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Vicia cracca, bird vetch. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Vicia%20cracca
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Vicia americana, American vetch. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Vicia%20americana
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Sisymbrium altissimum, tumble mustard. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Sisymbrium%20altissimum
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Descurainia sophia, flixweed. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Descurainia%20sophia
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Chorispora tenella, blue mustard. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Chorispora%20tenella
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Chamerion angustifolium, fireweed. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Chamerion%20angustifolium
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Centaurea stoebe, spotted knapweed. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Centaurea%20stoebe
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Centaurea diffusa, diffuse knapweed. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Centaurea%20diffusa
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Centaurea solstitialis, yellow starthistle. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Centaurea%20solstitialis
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Cirsium arvense, Canada thistle. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Cirsium%20arvense
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Verbascum thapsus, common mullein. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Verbascum%20thapsus
Matthews, R. F. 1993. Lupinus sericeus. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/lupser/all.html (US government work)
Coladonato, M. 1993. Trifolium repens. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/trirep/all.html (US government work)
Gucker, C. L. 2009. Melilotus alba, M. officinalis. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/melspp/all.html (US government work)
Coladonato, M. 1993. Vicia americana. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/vicame/all.html (US government work)
Howard, J. L. 2003. Sisymbrium altissimum. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/sisalt/all.html (US government work)
Howard, J. L. 2003. Descurainia sophia. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/dessop/all.html (US government work)
Pavek, D. S. 1992. Chamerion angustifolium. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/chaang/all.html (US government work)
Zouhar, K. 2001. Cirsium arvense. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/cirarv/all.html (US government work)
Gucker, C. L. 2008. Verbascum thapsus. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/vertha/all.html (US government work)
Zouhar, K. 2021. Centaurea solstitialis, yellow starthistle. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/censol/all.html (US government work)
Innes, R. J. 2021. Centaurea stoebe subsp. micranthos, spotted knapweed. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/censtom/all.pdf (US government work)
Innes, R. J.; Zouhar, K. 2020. Centaurea diffusa, diffuse knapweed. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/cendif/all.pdf (US government work)
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Solidago lepida, western goldenrod. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Solidago%20lepida
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Solidago missouriensis, Missouri goldenrod. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Solidago%20missouriensis
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Symphyotrichum spathulatum, western mountain aster. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Symphyotrichum%20spathulatum
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Symphyotrichum ascendens, long-leaved aster. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Symphyotrichum%20ascendens
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Ericameria nauseosa, rubber rabbitbrush. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Ericameria%20nauseosa
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus, green rabbitbrush. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Chrysothamnus%20viscidiflorus
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Grindelia squarrosa, curlycup gumweed. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Grindelia%20squarrosa
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Artemisia tridentata, big sagebrush. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Artemisia%20tridentata
Coladonato, M. 1993. Solidago canadensis. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/solcan/all.html (US government work)
Zouhar, K.; Masin, E. 2020. Solidago missouriensis, Missouri goldenrod. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/solmis/all.pdf (US government work)
Tirmenstein, D. 1999. Ericameria nauseosa. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/erinau/all.html (US government work)
Tirmenstein, D. 1999. Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/chrvis/all.html (US government work)
Walsh, R. A. 1993. Grindelia squarrosa. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/grisqu/all.html (US government work)
Innes, R. J. 2019. Artemisia tridentata subsp. wyomingensis, Wyoming big sagebrush. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/arttriw/all.html (US government work)
Tirmenstein, D. 1999. Artemisia tridentata subsp. tridentata. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/arttrit/all.html (US government work)
Tilley, D.; Pickett, T. 2016. Plant Guide for curlycup gumweed (Grindelia squarrosa). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Aberdeen Plant Materials Center, Aberdeen, ID. https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_grsq.pdf (US government work)
Jacobs, J. 2012. Plant Guide for spotted knapweed (Centaurea stoebe L.). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Bozeman, Montana. https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/pg_cest8.pdf (US government work)
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Holodiscus discolor, oceanspray. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Holodiscus%20discolor
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Cornus sericea, red-osier dogwood. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Cornus%20sericea
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Eriogonum heracleoides, parsnip-flowered buckwheat. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Eriogonum%20heracleoides
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Eriogonum niveum, snow buckwheat. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Eriogonum%20niveum
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, kinnikinnick. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Arctostaphylos%20uva-ursi
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Sorbus scopulina, Greene's mountain-ash. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Sorbus%20scopulina
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Sorbus aucuparia, European mountain-ash. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Sorbus%20aucuparia
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Rhus glabra, smooth sumac. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Rhus%20glabra
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Lythrum salicaria, purple loosestrife. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Lythrum%20salicaria
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Medicago sativa, alfalfa. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Medicago%20sativa
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Agastache urticifolia, nettleleaf giant hyssop. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Agastache%20urticifolia
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Hypericum perforatum, common St. John's-wort. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Hypericum%20perforatum
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Linaria dalmatica, Dalmatian toadflax. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Linaria%20dalmatica
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Linaria vulgaris, butter-and-eggs. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Linaria%20vulgaris
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Acroptilon repens, Russian knapweed. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Acroptilon%20repens
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Persicaria lapathifolia, curlytop knotweed. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Persicaria%20lapathifolia
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Persicaria amphibia, water smartweed. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Persicaria%20amphibia
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Sonchus arvensis, perennial sow-thistle. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Sonchus%20arvensis
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Erodium cicutarium, filaree. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Erodium%20cicutarium
Burke Herbarium Image Collection (University of Washington). Opuntia fragilis, brittle prickly-pear. https://burkeherbarium.org/imagecollection/taxon.php?Taxon=Opuntia%20fragilis
Fryer, J. L. 2010. Holodiscus discolor. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/holdis/all.html (US government work)
Gucker, C. 2012. Cornus sericea. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/corser/all.html (US government work)
Crane, M. F. 1991. Arctostaphylos uva-ursi. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/arcuva/all.html (US government work)
Matthews, R. F. 1993. Sorbus sitchensis. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/sorsit/all.html (US government work)
Johnson, K. A. 2000. Rhus glabra. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/rhugla/all.html (US government work)
Munger, G. T. 2002. Lythrum salicaria. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/lytsal/all.html (US government work)
Sullivan, J. 1992. Medicago sativa. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/medsat/all.html (US government work)
Zouhar, K. 2004. Hypericum perforatum. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/hypper/all.html (US government work)
Zouhar, K. 2003. Linaria spp. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/linspp/all.html (US government work)
Zouhar, K. L. 2001. Acroptilon repens. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/acrrep/all.html (US government work)
McWilliams, J. 2004. Sonchus arvensis. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/sonarv/all.html (US government work)
Howard, J. L. 1992. Erodium cicutarium. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/erocic/all.html (US government work)
Young-Mathews, A. 2012. Plant fact sheet for sulphur-flower buckwheat (Eriogonum umbellatum). USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service, Corvallis Plant Materials Center, Corvallis, OR. https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/factsheet/pdf/fs_erum.pdf (US government work)
Habeck, R. J. 1991. Crataegus douglasii. In: Fire Effects Information System. USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/shrub/cradou/all.html (US government work)
Field observation by the grower, Arcadia Bees home yard, Deer Park, WA (personal communication, 2026-10-17). (Personal communication; Inland NW calibration only)

Vegetation types

LANDFIRE. 2025. LF 2024 Existing Vegetation Type (EVT), CONUS, attribute table LF2024_EVT.csv (fields EVT_NAME, EVT_LF, EVT_PHYS, EVT_GP_N, SAF_SRM). U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/CONUS_LF2024/LF2024_EVT_CONUS.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. 2017 (28 Nov). Ruderal NVC Groups of the U.S. - CONUS, Hawai'i and Caribbean (USNVC group descriptions used for LANDFIRE ruderal EVTs). Hosted by LANDFIRE. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/documents/LANDFIRE_Ruderal_NVC_Groups_Descriptions_CONUS.pdf (NatureServe copyright; document grants use for informational, non-commercial purposes with citation (we cite it, we do not redistribute it))
NatureServe. Northern Rocky Mountain Mesic Montane Mixed Conifer Forest (CES306.802), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722871/Northern_Rocky_Mountain_Mesic_Montane_Mixed_Conifer_Forest (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 10470: Northern Rocky Mountain Mesic Montane Mixed-Conifer Forest (map zones 10, 19; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 10470_10_19.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Northern Rocky Mountain Dry-Mesic Montane Mixed Conifer Forest (CES306.805), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722868/Northern_Rocky_Mountain_Dry-Mesic_Montane_Mixed_Conifer_Forest (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 10451: Northern Rocky Mountain Dry-Mesic Montane Mixed Conifer Forest - Ponderosa Pine-Douglas-fir (map zones 10, 19; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 10451_10_19.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 10452: Northern Rocky Mountain Dry-Mesic Montane Mixed Conifer Forest - Larch (map zones 10, 19; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 10452_10_19.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 10453: Northern Rocky Mountain Dry-Mesic Montane Mixed Conifer Forest - Grand Fir (map zones 10, 19; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 10453_10_19.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Northern Rocky Mountain Ponderosa Pine Woodland and Savanna (CES306.030), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.754393/Northern_Rocky_Mountain_Ponderosa_Pine_Woodland_and_Savanna (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 10530: Northern Rocky Mountain Ponderosa Pine Woodland and Savanna (map zones 10, 19; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 10530_10_19.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
McWilliams, Jack. 2002. Balsamorhiza sagittata. In: Fire Effects Information System. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory. https://www.fs.usda.gov/database/feis/plants/forb/balsag/all.html (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Rocky Mountain Subalpine Mesic-Wet Spruce-Fir Forest and Woodland (CES306.830), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722843/Rocky_Mountain_Subalpine_Mesic-Wet_Spruce-Fir_Forest_and_Woodland (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 10560: Rocky Mountain Subalpine Mesic-Wet Spruce-Fir Forest and Woodland (map zones 10, 19; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 10560_10_19.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 10560: Rocky Mountain Subalpine Mesic-Wet Spruce-Fir Forest and Woodland (map zones 1, 7, 8, 9; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 10560_1_7_8_9.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Rocky Mountain Lodgepole Pine Forest (CES306.820), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722853/Rocky_Mountain_Lodgepole_Pine_Forest (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11670: Rocky Mountain Poor-Site Lodgepole Pine Forest (map zones 10, 19; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11670_10_19.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Rocky Mountain Subalpine Dry-Mesic Spruce-Fir Forest and Woodland (CES306.828), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722845/Rocky_Mountain_Subalpine_Dry-Mesic_Spruce-Fir_Forest_and_Woodland (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 10550: Rocky Mountain Subalpine Dry-Mesic Spruce-Fir Forest and Woodland (map zones 10, 19; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 10550_10_19.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Northern Rocky Mountain Subalpine Woodland and Parkland (CES306.807), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722866/Northern_Rocky_Mountain_Subalpine_Woodland_and_Parkland (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 10460: Northern Rocky Mountain Subalpine Woodland and Parkland (map zones 10, 19, 20; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 10460_10_19_20.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Northern Rocky Mountain Western Larch Savanna (CES306.837), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.742829/Northern_Rocky_Mountain_Western_Larch_Savanna (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
NatureServe. Northern Rocky Mountain Foothill Conifer Wooded Steppe (CES306.958), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.786411/Northern_Rocky_Mountain_Foothill_Conifer_Wooded_Steppe (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11650: Northern Rocky Mountain Foothill Conifer Wooded Steppe (map zones ; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11650_9.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11650: Northern Rocky Mountain Foothill Conifer Wooded Steppe (map zones 1, 7, 8; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11650_1_7_8.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Northern Rocky Mountain Montane-Foothill Deciduous Shrubland (CES306.994), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722711/Northern_Rocky_Mountain_Montane-Foothill_Deciduous_Shrubland (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11060: Northern Rocky Mountain Montane-Foothill Deciduous Shrubland (map zones 10, 19; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11060_10_19.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11060: Northern Rocky Mountain Montane-Foothill Deciduous Shrubland (map zones 1, 8, 9; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11060_1_8_9.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Northern Rocky Mountain Subalpine Deciduous Shrubland (CES306.961), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.786451/Northern_Rocky_Mountain_Subalpine_Deciduous_Shrubland (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
NatureServe. North Pacific Montane Shrubland (CES204.087), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.768078/North_Pacific_Montane_Shrubland (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
NatureServe. Northern Rocky Mountain Avalanche Chute Shrubland (CES306.801), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722872/Northern_Rocky_Mountain_Avalanche_Chute_Shrubland (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
NatureServe. Columbia Plateau Steppe and Grassland (CES304.083), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.740175/Columbia_Plateau_Steppe_and_Grassland (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11230: Columbia Plateau Steppe and Grassland (map zones 1, 7, 8, 9; model/description version Aug. 202021/14). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11230_1_7_8_9.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Northern Rocky Mountain Lower Montane, Foothill and Valley Grassland (CES306.040), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.769647/Northern_Rocky_Mountain_Lower_Montane_Foothill_and_Valley_Grassland (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11390: Northern Rocky Mountain Lower Montane-Foothill-Valley Grassland (map zones 10, 19; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11390_10_19.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11390: Northern Rocky Mountain Lower Montane-Foothill-Valley Grassland (map zones ; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11390_8_9.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Columbia Basin Foothill and Canyon Dry Grassland (CES304.993), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722712/Columbia_Basin_Foothill_and_Canyon_Dry_Grassland (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11340: Columbia Basin Foothill and Canyon Dry Grassland (map zones 8, 9; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11340_8_9.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Columbia Basin Palouse Prairie (CES304.792), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722880/Columbia_Basin_Palouse_Prairie (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11420: Columbia Basin Palouse Prairie (map zones 9, 10; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11420_9_10.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Northern Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Upper Montane Grassland (CES306.806), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722867/Northern_Rocky_Mountain_Subalpine-Upper_Montane_Grassland (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11400: Northern Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Upper Montane Grassland (map zones 10, 19; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11400_10_19.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11400: Northern Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Upper Montane Grassland (map zones ; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11400_9.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Montane Mesic Meadow (CES306.829), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722844/Rocky_Mountain_Subalpine-Montane_Mesic_Meadow (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11450: Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Montane Mesic Meadow (map zones 9, 10, 19; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11450_9_10_19.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Inter-Mountain Basins Big Sagebrush Shrubland (CES304.777), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722895/Inter-Mountain_Basins_Big_Sagebrush_Shrubland (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 10800: Inter-Mountain Basins Big Sagebrush Shrubland (map zones 1, 7, 8, 9; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 10800_1_7_8_9.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Inter-Mountain Basins Big Sagebrush Steppe (CES304.778), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722894/Inter-Mountain_Basins_Big_Sagebrush_Steppe (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11250: Inter-Mountain Basins Big Sagebrush Steppe (map zones 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 19; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11250_1_7_8_9_10_19.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Columbia Plateau Scabland Shrubland (CES304.770), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722902/Columbia_Plateau_Scabland_Shrubland (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 10650: Columbia Plateau Scabland Shrubland (map zones 1, 8, 9, 10; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 10650_1_8_9_10.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Inter-Mountain Basins Semi-Desert Shrub-Steppe (CES304.788), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722884/Inter-Mountain_Basins_Semi-Desert_Shrub-Steppe (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11270: Inter-Mountain Basins Semi-Desert Shrub-Steppe (map zones 7, 8, 9; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11270_7_8_9.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Inter-Mountain Basins Montane Sagebrush Steppe (CES304.785), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722887/Inter-Mountain_Basins_Montane_Sagebrush_Steppe (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11260: Inter-Mountain Basins Montane Sagebrush Steppe (map zones 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 19; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11260_1_7_8_9_10_19.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Western North American Bromus inermis - Centaurea spp. Ruderal Grassland & Shrubland Macrogroup (M493), NVC macrogroup description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.866455/Western_North_American_Bromus_inermis_-_Centaurea_spp_Ruderal_Grassland_Shrubland_Macrogroup (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
NatureServe. Western North American Agropyron cristatum - Bromus tectorum Ruderal Scrub & Grassland Macrogroup (M499), NVC macrogroup description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.873846/Western_North_American_Agropyron_cristatum_-_Bromus_tectorum_Ruderal_Scrub_Grassland_Macrogroup (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
NatureServe. Bromus tectorum - Salsola kali Ruderal Semi-desert Scrub & Grassland Group (G600), NVC group description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.860755/Bromus_tectorum_-_Salsola_kali_Ruderal_Semi-desert_Scrub_Grassland_Group (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
NatureServe. Poa pratensis - Conyza canadensis - Cirsium arvense Ruderal Marsh, Wet Meadow & Shrubland Group (G524), NVC group description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.857308/Poa_pratensis_-_Conyza_canadensis_-_Cirsium_arvense_Ruderal_Marsh_Wet_Meadow_Shrubland_Group (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
NatureServe. Western North American Phragmites australis - Phalaris arundinacea Ruderal Marsh, Wet Meadow & Shrubland Macrogroup (M301), NVC macrogroup description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.860623/Western_North_American_Phragmites_australis_-_Phalaris_arundinacea_Ruderal_Marsh_Wet_Meadow_Shrubland_Macrogroup (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
NatureServe. Tamarix spp. - Elaeagnus angustifolia Ruderal Riparian Forest & Scrub Group (G510), NVC group description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.848769/Tamarix_spp_-_Elaeagnus_angustifolia_Ruderal_Riparian_Forest_Scrub_Group (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
NatureServe. Western Interior Ruderal Grassland & Shrubland Group (G624), NVC group description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.866456/Western_Interior_Ruderal_Grassland_Shrubland_Group (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
NatureServe. Northern Rocky Mountain Lower Montane Riparian Woodland and Shrubland (CES306.804), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722869/Northern_Rocky_Mountain_Lower_Montane_Riparian_Woodland_and_Shrubland (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11590: Rocky Mountain Montane Riparian Systems (map zones 10, 19; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11590_10_19.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Columbia Basin Foothill Riparian Woodland and Shrubland (CES304.768), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722904/Columbia_Basin_Foothill_Riparian_Woodland_and_Shrubland (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11540: Inter-Mountain Basins Montane Riparian Systems (map zones 1, 7, 8, 9; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11540_1_7_8_9.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Rocky Mountain Subalpine-Montane Riparian Woodland (CES306.833), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722840/Rocky_Mountain_Subalpine-Montane_Riparian_Woodland (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
LANDFIRE. Biophysical Settings model description 11600: Rocky Mountain Subalpine/Upper Montane Riparian Systems (map zones 10, 19; model/description version Aug. 2020). In LANDFIRE CONUS-HI BpS Descriptions, Jan 2023 release, file 11600_10_19.docx. U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service and U.S. Department of the Interior. https://landfire.gov/data-downloads/zip/LANDFIRE_CONUS-HI_BpS_Descriptions_Jan2023.zip (US government work (public domain))
NatureServe. Inter-Mountain Basins Alkaline Closed Depression (CES304.998), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.731763/Inter-Mountain_Basins_Alkaline_Closed_Depression (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
NatureServe. North American Arid West Emergent Marsh (CES300.729), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722943/North_American_Arid_West_Emergent_Marsh (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
NatureServe. Rocky Mountain Alpine-Montane Wet Meadow (CES306.812), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722861/Rocky_Mountain_Alpine-Montane_Wet_Meadow (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
NatureServe. Rocky Mountain Cliff, Canyon and Massive Bedrock (CES306.815), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722858/Rocky_Mountain_Cliff_Canyon_and_Massive_Bedrock (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
NatureServe. Inter-Mountain Basins Cliff and Canyon (CES304.779), ecological system description. NatureServe Explorer, last published 2026-03-24. https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.722893/Inter-Mountain_Basins_Cliff_and_Canyon (CC BY (NatureServe Explorer open data terms, natureserve.org/data-use-terms-citation))
City of Spokane Parks and Recreation, Urban Forestry. 2019 (April). Approved Street Tree List (includes 'Urban Forest Statistics' from the city's park and street tree inventory, 89,619 trees). https://static.spokanecity.org/documents/urbanforestry/permits/street-tree-list-2019-04-22.pdf (public government document (City of Spokane); cited, not redistributed)
Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium (MRLC). National Land Cover Database class legend and description. https://www.mrlc.gov/data/legends/national-land-cover-database-class-legend-and-description (US government work (public domain))

Insecticide use on crops

USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. Quick Stats database: Agricultural Chemical Use Program, Fruit Chemical Use Survey, crop years 2015-2025. Data item '<crop>, BEARING - TREATED, MEASURED IN PCT OF AREA BEARING, AVG', domain category 'CHEMICAL, INSECTICIDE: (TOTAL)'. 2025 data released July 15, 2026. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Data_and_Statistics/Pre-Defined_Queries/2025_Fruit_Chem_Use/index.php (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2026. 2025 Agricultural Chemical Use Survey: Fruit Crops. NASS Highlights No. 2026-4, July 2026. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/2025_Fruits/fruit-chem-highlights2025.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2026. Agricultural Chemical Usage - Fruit: Methodology and Quality Measures. ISSN 2168-177X. Released July 15, 2026. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Methodology_and_Data_Quality/Agricultural_Chemical_Usage_-_Fruit/07_2026/2025%20Fruit%20Chemical%20Use%20Quality%20Measures%20and%20Methodology.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2026. Statistical Methodology: Fruit Chemical Usage (Agricultural Chemical Usage, 2025 Fruit Crops Summary). https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/2025_Fruits/Methodology.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2024. 2023 Agricultural Chemical Use Survey: Fruit Crops. NASS Highlights No. 2024-6, July 2024. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/2023_Fruits/2023-Fruit-Chem-Highlights.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2017. 2016 Agricultural Chemical Use Survey: Vegetables. NASS Highlights No. 2017-4, July 2017. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/2016_Vegetables/ChemUseHighlights_Vegetables_2016.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. Quick Stats database: Agricultural Chemical Use Program, ARMS Phase II field crop chemical use surveys (corn 2021, soybeans 2023, peanuts 2023, sorghum 2024, cotton 2025). Data item '<crop> - TREATED, MEASURED IN PCT OF AREA PLANTED, AVG', domain category 'CHEMICAL, INSECTICIDE: (TOTAL)'. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Data_and_Statistics/Pre-Defined_Queries/index.php (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. Quick Stats database: Agricultural Chemical Use Program, Vegetable Chemical Use Survey, crop years 2016-2024. Data item '<crop> - TREATED, MEASURED IN PCT OF AREA PLANTED, AVG', domain category 'CHEMICAL, INSECTICIDE: (TOTAL)'. 2024 data released July 16, 2025. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Data_and_Statistics/Pre-Defined_Queries/2024_vegetables/index.php (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. Agricultural Chemical Use Program (survey page with Highlights, methodology and data links). https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/ (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. Chemical Use Symbol and Data Item Definitions (fruit and vegetables). https://www.nass.usda.gov/Data_and_Statistics/Pre-Defined_Queries/ChemUseSymbolandDataItemDefinitions-fruit-vegetables.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2022. 2021 Agricultural Chemical Use Survey: Corn. NASS Highlights No. 2022-1, May 2022. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/2021_Field_Crops/chemhighlights-corn.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2024. 2023 Agricultural Chemical Use Survey: Soybeans. NASS Highlights No. 2024-4, May 2024. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/2023_Barley_Oats_Peanuts_Soybeans/ChemHighlights-Soybeans-2023.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2024. 2023 Agricultural Chemical Use Survey: Peanuts. NASS Highlights No. 2024-3, May 2024. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/2023_Barley_Oats_Peanuts_Soybeans/ChemHighlights-Peanuts-2023.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2025. 2024 Agricultural Chemical Use Survey: Sorghum. NASS Highlights No. 2025-2, May 2025. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/2024_Sorghum_Wheat/ChemHighlights-Sorghum-2024.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2026. 2025 Agricultural Chemical Use Survey: Cotton. NASS Highlights No. 2026-2, May 2026. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/2025_Cotton_Potatoes/ChemHighlights2025CottonFINAL.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2026. Statistical Methodology: Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) Phase II, Cotton and Potato (Agricultural Chemical Usage, 2025 Cotton and Potato Summary). https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/2025_Cotton_Potatoes/Methodology.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2025. 2024 Agricultural Chemical Use Survey: Vegetable Crops. NASS Highlights No. 2025-5, July 2025. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/2024_Vegetables/ChemHighlights-VegChem_final.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2025. Agricultural Chemical Usage - Vegetables: Methodology and Quality Measures. Released July 16, 2025. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Methodology_and_Data_Quality/Agricultural_Chemical_Usage_-_Vegetables/07_2025/Quality%20Measures.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2025. Statistical Methodology: Vegetable Chemical Usage (Agricultural Chemical Usage, 2024 Vegetable Crops Summary). https://www.nass.usda.gov/Surveys/Guide_to_NASS_Surveys/Chemical_Use/2024_Vegetables/Methodolgy.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2025 Fruit Chemical Use Survey (questionnaire, Survey ID 1241). https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Methodology_and_Data_Quality/Agricultural_Chemical_Usage_-_Fruit/07_2026/2025%20FCUS%20-%20Enterprise.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. 2024 Vegetable Chemical Use Survey (report form). https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Methodology_and_Data_Quality/Agricultural_Chemical_Usage_-_Vegetables/07_2025/2024%20Vegetable%20Chemical%20Use%20Report%20Form.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. Agricultural Resource Management Survey, Phase 2: 2021 Corn (questionnaire, Survey ID 1312). https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Methodology_and_Data_Quality/Agricultural_Chemical_Usage_-_Field_Crops/05_2022/cornquestionnaire.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. Agricultural Resource Management Survey, Phase 2: 2023 Soybeans (questionnaire, Survey ID 2054). https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Methodology_and_Data_Quality/Agricultural_Chemical_Usage_-_Field_Crops/05_2024/soybeans-questionnaire.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. Agricultural Resource Management Survey, Phase 2: 2023 Peanuts (questionnaire, Survey ID 590). https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Methodology_and_Data_Quality/Agricultural_Chemical_Usage_-_Field_Crops/05_2024/peanut-questionnaire.pdf (US government work)
USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service. Agricultural Resource Management Survey, Phase 2: 2025 Cotton (questionnaire, Survey ID 2604). https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Methodology_and_Data_Quality/Agricultural_Chemical_Usage_-_Field_Crops/05_2026/2025%20Cotton%20Questionnaire.pdf (US government work)